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ALPHABETICAL BRAIN® VOCABULARY
HUMANIST GALAXY
OF SECULAR SCIENCE STARS
DANIEL GILBERT
May 18, 2022
STUMBLING ON HAPPINESS:
by Daniel Todd Gilbert
A.A. Knopf, 2006
(i-xvii, 277 pages)
Quote = "We think about the future in a way that no other animal can, does, or ever has, and this simple, ubiquitous, ordinary act is a defining feature of our humanity." (By the author Daniel Gilbert in first chapter, Journey to Elsewhen, page 4)
Quote = "Daniel Gilbert's central theme is that one can understand a great deal about what makes people happy by looking at three psychological illusions: perception, foresight, and hindsight. Gilbert describes social-psychological thinking on several topics as they relate to happiness: predicting future behavior, subjectivity, self-perception, filling in detail, predicting future feelings, thinking about the past and future, the limits and biases of memory, and the ability to imagine." (Paraphrased slightly by webmaster from Choice Review by W. A. Ashton CUNY York College)
Quote = "We think of ourselves as unique entities --- minds unlike any others --- and thus we often reject the lessons that the emotional experience of others has to teach us." (by author Daniel Gilbert at end of the last chapter, Reporting Live from Tomorrow, page 233)
Quote = "Gilbert (Psychology/Harvard) examines what science has discovered about how well the human brain can predict future enjoyment. Happiness is a subjective experience for which there is no perfectly reliable measuring instrument, the author asserts. The least flawed instrument we have is 'the honest, real-time report of the attentive individual,' and to compensate for its flaws, scientists turn to the law of large numbers — i.e., measuring again and again to get lots of data. We use our imagination to look into the future, Gilbert states, but three principal shortcomings restrict its usefulness in the realm of foresight. He labels these shortcomings 'realism,' 'presentism' and 'rationalization,' considering each in turn."
"Realism ignores these adjustments and assumes that our perceptions simply reflect objective reality. Further, when we imagine future feelings, we find it impossible both to ignore how we are feeling now and to recognize how we will regard what happens later, a difficulty that Gilbert cleverly likens to trying to imagine the taste of marshmallow while chewing liver. Presentism occurs when we project the present onto the future. Rationalization is the failure to recognize that things will look different once they happen, the bad not so terrible and the good less wonderful. How then can we predict how we will feel under future circumstances? Gilbert's answer is simple: Ask others who are in those circumstances today how they are feeling." (Paraphrased slightly by webmaster from Kirkus Editorial Review)
BOOK OUTLINE
Note = Numbers in parentheses refer to pages
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (xi-xii)
FOREWORD (xiii-xvii)
PART 1 --- PROSPECTION (I-25)
Definition: Pro*spe*kshen = "The act of looking
forward in time or considering the future." (1)
1) JOURNEY TO ELSEWHEN (3-25)
PART 2 --- SUBJECTIVITY (27-54)
Definition: Sub*dzek*ti*vitee = "The fact that experience is unobservable to everyone
but the person having it." (27)
2) THE VIEW FROM IN HERE (29-54)
3) OUTSIDE LOOKING IN (55-72)
PART 3 --- REALISM (73-95)
Definition: Ri*alis*m = "The belief that things are
in reality as they appear to be in the mind." (73)
4) IN THE BLIND SPOT OF THE MIND'S EYE (75-95)
5) THE HOUND OF SILENCE (96-108)
PART 4 --- PRESENTISM (109-147)
Definition: Pre*zen*tizm = "The tendency
for current experience to influence one's
views of the past and the future." (109)
6) THE FUTURE IS NOW (111-126)
7) TIMEB0MBS (127-147)
PART 5 --- RATIONALIZATION (149-192)
Definition: Ra*tion*al*i*za*tion = "The act of
causing something to be or to seem reasonable." (149)
8) PARADISE GLOSSED (151-171)
9) IMMUNE TO REALITY (172-192)
PART 6 --- CORRIGIBILITY (193-233)
Definition: Kor*i*dzi*bl*i*tee = "Capable of being corrected, reformed, or improved." (193)
9) ONCE BITTEN (195-211)
10) REPORTING LIVE FROM TOMORROW (212-233)
note = "We think of ourselves as unique entities --- minds unlike any others --- and thus we often reject the lessons that the emotional experience of others has to teach us." (233)
AFTERWORD (235-238)
NOTES 239-268)
INDEX (269-277)
A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR (unpaged at end)
AUTHOR NOTE, SUMMARY,
AND BOOK DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR NOTE = Daniel Gilbert is Professor of Psychology at Harvard University and Director of the Social Cognition and Emotion Lab. He is generally considered the world's foremost authority in the fields of affective forecasting and the fundamental attribution error. He has published numerous scientific articles and chapters, several short works of fiction, and is the editor of The Handbook of Social Psychology. He has been awarded the Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology by the American Psychological Association, fellowships from both the Guggenheim Foundation and the American Philosophical Society, and has been a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Research in the Behavioral Sciences. In 2002, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin listed Gilbert as one of the fifty most influential social psychologists of the decade, and in 2003 one of his research papers was chosen by the editors of Psychological Inquiry as one of four "modern classics" in social psychology.
SUMMARY = In this book, Harvard psychologist Daniel Gilbert describes the foibles of imagination and illusions of foresight that cause each of us to mis-conceive the future and mis-estimate our satisfactions.
BOOK DESCRIPTION = Gilbert brings to life the latest scientific research in psychology, cognitive science, philosophy, and behavioral economics. He reveals what scientists have discovered about the uniquely human ability to imagine the future. Also he describes our capacity to predict how much we will like it when we get there.
EDITORIAL BOOK REVIEWS
PUBLISHER'S WEEKLY REVIEW = Not offering a self-help book, but instead mounting a scientific explanation of the limitations of the human imagination and how it steers us wrong in our search for happiness, Gilbert, a professor of psychology at Harvard, draws on psychology, cognitive neuroscience, philosophy and behavioral economics to argue that, just as we err in remembering the past, so we err in imagining the future. "Our desire to control is so powerful, and the feeling of being in control so rewarding, that people often act as though they can control the uncontrollable," Gilbert writes, as he reveals how ill-equipped we are to properly preview the future, let alone control it. Unfortunately, he claims, neither personal experience nor cultural wisdom compensates for imagination's shortcomings. In concluding chapters, he discusses the transmission of inaccurate beliefs from one person's mind to another, providing salient examples of universal assumptions about human happiness such as the joys of money and of having children. He concludes with the provocative recommendation that, rather than imagination, we should rely on others as surrogates for our future experience. Gilbert's playful tone and use of commonplace examples render a potentially academic topic accessible and educational, even if his approach is at times overly prescriptive.
BOOKLIST REVIEW = Anticipating the future, psychologist Gilbert suggests, is the brain's most important function, and the notion of later, a powerful idea. But why not live in the here and now, as many self-help gurus urge? Because, Gilbert says, thinking about the future can be pleasurable; for instance, daydreaming tends to be about success and achievement rather than fumbling or failing. Citing the research of scientists and philosophers through the ages and incorporating facts and theories from psychology, cognitive neuroscience, philosophy, and behavioral economics, Gilbert discusses the science of happiness, the shortcomings of imagination as well as the illusions of foresight. And far from being a dry tome, the book is a sly, irresistible romp down, or through, memory lane--past, present, and future. It is not only wildly entertaining but also hilarious (if David Sedaris were a psychologist, he very well might write like this) and yet full of startling insight, imaginative conclusions, and even bits of wisdom. -- June Sawyers
CHOICE REVIEW = A respected research social psychologist and well-published author (of science fiction as well as scholarly work), Gilbert (Harvard) has written a book about what makes people happy. He intends the book to be for readers without degrees in social psychology. The book is comparable to Steven Levitt's Freakonomics in its tone, style, and relationship to research: Gilbert's descriptions of current research are lively and engaging.
Gilbert's central theme is that one can understand a great deal about what makes people happy by looking at three psychological illusions: perception, foresight, and hindsight. Gilbert describes social-psychological thinking on several topics as they relate to happiness: predicting future behavior, subjectivity, self-perception, filling in detail, predicting future feelings, thinking about the past and future, the limits and biases of memory, and the ability to imagine. Although he never mentions the term "positive psychology," this book is an excellent introduction to this field and could be a resource in beginning college courses. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower/upper-division undergraduates and general readers unfamiliar with psychology. -- W. A. Ashton CUNY York College
LIBRARY JOURNAL REVIEW = Harvard psychologist Gilbert has won teaching awards and published sf stories as well as academic research articles. Here, he proposes that we are errant predictors of our future feelings: we fail to make ourselves as happy as we could be. Why? A distorted recall of past experience, a tendency to project present feeling into the future, and a reluctance to trust the experience of people who have lived through what is ahead of us. To back up his somewhat elusive thesis, Gilbert draws on a mixed bag of findings (some substantial, others akin to junk food) and conducts rather contrived experiments.
Replete with jokes, but ultimately lacking in structure and focus, this book will intrigue psychology buffs only to leave them wondering what happened to the main course. Interest may be strong with a ten-city tour by this sage with tickler, but readers are better served by Gregory Berns's Satisfaction: The Science of Finding True Fulfillment and Jonathan Haidt's The Happiness Hypothesis. – E. James Lieberman, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC.
KIRKUS REVIEWS = Gilbert (Psychology/Harvard) examines what science has discovered about how well the human brain can predict future enjoyment. Happiness is a subjective experience for which there is no perfectly reliable measuring instrument, the author asserts. The least flawed instrument we have is "the honest, real-time report of the attentive individual," and to compensate for its flaws, scientists turn to the law of large numbers — i.e., measuring again and again to get lots of data. We use our imagination to look into the future, Gilbert states, but three principal shortcomings restrict its usefulness in the realm of foresight. He labels these shortcomings 'realism,' 'presentism' and 'rationalization,' considering each in turn.
"Realism ignores these adjustments and assumes that our perceptions simply reflect objective reality. Further, when we imagine future feelings, we find it impossible both to ignore how we are feeling now and to recognize how we will regard what happens later, a difficulty that Gilbert cleverly likens to trying to imagine the taste of marshmallow while chewing liver. Presentism occurs when we project the present onto the future. Rationalization is the failure to recognize that things will look different once they happen, the bad not so terrible and the good less wonderful. How then can we predict how we will feel under future circumstances? Gilbert's answer is simple: Ask others who are in those circumstances today how they are feeling. To those who would protest that they are unique and that others' experiences could not be relevant, he responds: No you are not; you just like to think you are. The ideas may be disconcerting, but they are backed by solid research and presented with persuasive charm and wit.
EXCERPT
JOURNEY TO ELSEWHEN
Quote = "O, that a man might know The end of this day's business ere it come!." by Shakespeare, in the play, Julius Caesar.
Priests vow to remain celibate, physicians vow to do no harm, and letter carriers vow to swiftly complete their appointed rounds despite snow, sleet, and split infinitives.
However, few people realize that psychologists also take a vow, promising that at some point in their professional lives they will publish a book, a chapter, or at least an article that contains this sentence: "The human being is the only animal that ..." We are allowed to finish the sentence any way we like, of course, but it has to start with those eight words. Most of us wait until relatively late in our careers to fulfill this solemn obligation because we know that successive generations of psychologists will ignore all the other words that we managed to pack into a lifetime of well-intentioned scholarship and remember us mainly for how we finished The Sentence.
We also know that the worse we do, the better we will be remembered. For instance, those psychologists who finished The Sentence with "can use language" were particularly well remembered when chimpanzees were taught to communicate with hand signs. And when researchers discovered that chimps in the wild use sticks to extract tasty ter- mites from their mounds (and to bash one another over the head now and then), the world suddenly remembered the full name and mailing address of every psychologist who had ever finished The Sentence with "uses tools." So it is for good reason that most psychologists put off completing The Sentence for as long as they can, hoping that if they wait long enough, they just might die in time to avoid being publicly humiliated by a monkey.
I have never before written The Sentence, but I'd like to do so now, with you as my witness. The human being is the only animal that thinks about the future. Now, let me say up front that I've had cats, I've had dogs, I've had gerbils, mice, goldfish, and crabs (no, not that kind), and I do recognize that nonhuman animals often act as though they have the capacity to think about the future. But as bald men with cheap hairpieces always seem to forget, acting as though you have something and actually having it are not the same thing, and anyone who looks closely can tell the difference. For example, I live in an urban neighborhood, and every autumn the squirrels in my yard (which is approximately the size of two squirrels) act as though they know that they will be unable to eat later unless they bury some food now. My city has a relatively well-educated citizenry, but as far as anyone can tell its squirrels are not particularly distinguished. Rather, they have regular squirrel brains that run food-burying programs when the amount of sun- light that enters their regular squirrel eyes decreases by a critical amount. Shortened days trigger burying behavior with no intervening contemplation of tomorrow, and the squirrel that stashes a nut in my yard "knows" about the future in approximately the same way that a falling rock "knows" about the law of gravity --- which is to say, not really. Until a chimp weeps at the thought of growing old alone, or smiles as it contemplates its summer vacation, or turns down a taffy apple because it already looks too fat in shorts, I will stand by my version of The Sentence. We think about the future in a way that no other animal can, does, or ever has, and this simple, ubiquitous, ordinary act is a defining feature of our humanity.
THE JOY OF NEXT
If you were asked to name the human brain's greatest achievement, you might think first of the impressive artifacts it has produced --- the Great Pyramid of Giza, the International Space Station, or perhaps the Golden Gate Bridge. These are great achievements indeed, and our brains deserve their very own ticker-tape parade for producing them. But they are not the greatest. A sophisticated machine could design and build any one of these things because designing and building require knowledge, logic, and patience, of which sophisticated machines have plenty. In fact, there is really only one achievement so remarkable that even the most sophisticated machine cannot pretend to have accomplished it, and that achievement is conscious experience.
Seeing the Great Pyramid or remembering the Golden Gate or imagining the Space Station are far more remarkable acts than is building any one of them. What's more, one of these remarkable acts is even more remarkable than the others. To see is to experience the world as it is, to remember is to experience the world as it was, but to imagine-ah, to imagine is to experience the world as it isn't and has never been, but as it might be. The greatest achievement of the human brain is its ability to imagine objects and episodes that do not exist in the realm of the real, and it is this ability that allows us to think about the future. As one philosopher noted, the human brain is an "anticipation machine," and "making future" is the most important thing it does.
But what exactly does "making future" mean?
There are at least two ways in which brains might be said to make future, one of which we share with many other animals, the other of which we share with none. All brains-human brains, chimpanzee brains, even regular food-burying squirrel brains-make predictions about the immediate, local, personal, future. They do this by using information about current events ("I smell something") and past events ("Last time I smelled this smell, a big thing tried to eat me") to anticipate the event that is most likely to happen to them next ("A big thing is about to ---"). ut notice two features of this so-called prediction. First, despite the comic quips inside the parentheses, predictions such as these do not require the brain making them to have anything even remotely resembling a conscious thought. Just as an abacus can put two and two together to produce four without having thoughts about arithmetic, so brains can add past to present to make future without ever thinking about any of them. In fact, it does not even require a brain to make predictions such as these. With just a little bit of training, the giant sea slug known as Aplysia parvula can learn to predict and avoid an electric shock to its gill, and as anyone with a scalpel can easily demonstrate, sea slugs are obviously [inarguably] brainless.
Computers are also brainless, but they use precisely the same trick the sea slug does when they turn down your credit card because you were trying to buy dinner in Paris after buying lunch in Hoboken. In short, machines and invertebrates prove that it does not take a smart, self-aware, conscious, brain to make simple predictions about the future.
The second thing to notice is that predictions such as these are not particularly far-reaching. They are not predictions in the same sense that we might predict the annual rate of inflation, the intellectual impact of postmodernism, the heat death of the universe, or Madonna's next hair color. Rather, these are predictions about what will happen in precisely this spot, precisely next, to precisely me, and we call them predictions only because there is no better word for them in the English language. But the use of that term --- with its inescapable connotations of calculated, thoughtful reflection about events that may occur anywhere, to anyone, at any time --- risks obscuring the fact that brains are continuously making predictions about the immediate, local, personal, future of their owners without their owners' awareness. Rather than saying that such brains are predicting, let us say that they are nexting.
Yours is nexting right now. For example, at this moment you may be consciously thinking about the sentence you just read, or about the key ring in your pocket that is jammed uncomfortably against your thigh, or about whether the War of 1812 really deserves its own overture. Whatever you are thinking, your thoughts are surely about something other than the word with which this sentence will end. But even as you hear these very words echoing in your very head, and think whatever thoughts they inspire, your brain is using the word it is reading right now and the words it read just before to make a reasonable guess about the identity of the word it will read next, which is what allows you to read so fluently. Any brain that has been raised on a steady diet of film noir and cheap detective novels fully expects the word night to follow the phrase It was a dark and stormy, and thus when it does encounter the word night, it is especially well prepared to digest it. As long as your brain's guess about the next word turns out to be right, you cruise along happily, left to right, left to right, turning black squiggles into ideas, scenes, characters, and concepts, blissfully unaware that your nexting brain is predicting the future of the sentence at a fantastic rate. It is only when your brain predicts badly that you suddenly feel avocado.
That is, surprised. See?
Now, consider the meaning of that brief moment of surprise. Surprise is an emotion we feel when we encounter the unexpected-for example, thirty-four acquaintances in paper hats standing in our living room yelling "Happy birthday!" as we walk through the front door with a bag of groceries and a full bladder --- and thus the occurrence of surprise reveals the nature of our expectations. The surprise you felt at the end of the last paragraph reveals that as you were reading the phrase it is only when your brain predicts badly that you suddenly feel ..., your brain was simultaneously making a reasonable prediction about what would happen next. It predicted that sometime in the next few milliseconds your eyes would come across a set of black squiggles that encoded an English word that described a feeling, such as sad or nauseous or even surprised. Instead, it encountered a fruit, which woke you from your dogmatic slumbers and revealed the nature of your expectations to anyone who was watching. Surprise tells us that we were expecting something other than what we got, even when we did not know we were expecting anything at all.
Because feelings of surprise are generally accompanied by reactions that can be observed and measured-such as eyebrow arching, eye widening, jaw dropping, and noises followed by a series of exclamation marks-psychologists can use surprise to tell them when a brain is nexting. For example, when monkeys see a researcher drop a ball down one of several chutes, they quickly look to the bottom of that chute and wait for the ball to reemerge. When some experimental trickery causes the ball to emerge from a different chute than the one in which it was deposited, the monkeys display surprise, presumably because their brains were nexting. Human babies have similar responses to weird physics. For example, when babies are shown a video of a big red block smashing into a little yellow block, they react with indifference when the little yellow block instantly goes careening off the screen. But when the little yellow block hesitates for just a moment or two before careening away, babies stare like bystanders at a train wreck --- as though the delayed careening had violated some prediction made by their nexting brains. Studies such as these tell us that monkey brains "know" about gravity (objects fall down, not sideways) and that baby human brains "know" about kinetics (moving objects transfer energy to stationary objects at precisely the moment they contact them and not a few seconds later). But more important, they tell us that monkey brains and baby human brains add what they already know (the past) to what they currently see (the present) to predict what will happen next (the future). When the actual next thing is different from the predicted next thing, monkeys and babies experience surprise.
Our brains were made for nexting, and that is just what they will do. When we take a stroll on the beach, our brains predict how stable the sand will be when our foot hits it, and then adjust the tension in our knee accordingly. When we leap to catch a Frisbee, our brains predict where the disc will be when we cross its flight path, and then bring our hands to precisely that point. When we see a sand crab scurry behind a bit of driftwood on its way to the water, our brains predict when and where the critter will reappear, and then direct our eyes to the precise point of its reemergence.
These predictions are remarkable in both the speed and accuracy with which they are made, and it is difficult to imagine what our lives would be like if our brains quit making them, leaving us completely "in the moment" and unable to take our next step. But while these automatic, continuous, nonconscious predictions of the immediate, local, personal, future are both amazing and ubiquitous, they are not the sorts of predictions that got our species out of the trees and into dress slacks. In fact, these are the kinds of predictions that frogs make without ever leaving their lily pads, and hence not the sort that The Sentence was meant to describe. No, the variety of future that we human beings manufacture --- and that only we manufacture --- is of another sort entirely.
REMEMBER ALWAYS:
You are your adaptable memory!
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